When working with Java 21, jacoco cannot analyze bytecode from prior versions. Upgrading the jacoco tool version to 0.8.9 adds experimental support for this via jacoco/jacoco#1386.
While upgrading to 0.8.9, OAuth2AuthenticationExceptionMixinTests fail due to gh-11893 because Jacoco no longer adds --add-opens. See jacoco/jacoco#1328.